NOTES

Genus: Calopteryx
The genus Calopteryx has been puzzling many authors for a considerable period of time. There are hardly any structural differences between nominal taxa, and many (sub)species have been merely characterised on the size and shape of the wing spot.
In Turkey, apart from C. virgo festiva, various representatives of the C. splendens complex sensu lato occur. Especially in the southern and eastern parts of the country taxa are present of which the exact taxonomical status has yet to be established. Although parts of the taxonomic puzzle have been cleared (e.g. DUMONT et al., 1987), we refrain from a definitive list, and restrict ourselves to a summary of the various taxonomical interpretations.

C. hyalina Martin, 1909
The northernmost records of this species are from the river Orontes (Asi Nehri) near the Turkeys border. DUMONT et al. (1988) reported upon hybrids between C. hyalina and C. s. intermedia.

C. splendens intermedia Sélys, 1887
Listed by DEMIRSOY (1982) as subspecies of C. xanthostoma. According to SCHNEIDER (1986), this taxon should be separated at specific level.

C. splendens waterstoni Schneider, 1984
C. s. waterstoni appears to be confined to the low-altitude coastal zone of the Black Sea between Görele in the west and Batum (Gruziya) in the east. At first this subspecies was given a full species status but hybrids with C. s. amasina present at the western part of its distributional range justify a subspecific status (DUMONT et al., 1987).

C. syriaca Rambur, 1842
Calopteryx syriaca was mentioned for Turkey by SCHMIDT (1954) and DUMONT (1977) from Reyhanli (Iskenderun prov.). Specimens from the same area where described by BUCHHOLZ (1955) under the name C. splendens pseudosyriaca. According to SCHNEIDER (1986), these specimens all pertain to hybrids between C. hyalina and C. intermedia.

Genus: Lestes

L. virens (Charpentier, 1825)
DUMONT (1977) listed the nominate subspecies of Lestes virens for Turkey, while DEMIRSOY (1982) indicated L. virens vestalis as subspecies. According to JÖDICKE (1997), the subspecific division of Lestes virens in the eastern Balkans and Turkey is far from clear, assuming that an undescribed subspecies might be involved.

L. viridis (Vander Linden, 1825)
This species is likely to occur in Thracia as it has been reported from 15 km north of the Turkish border near Akhtopol (M. Marinov, pers. comm.). It might also occur in North East Turkey, as it was found near Pizunda (Georgia), less then 200 km from the Turkish border (BEUTLER, 1987).

L. parvidens Artobolevski, 1929
DUMONT (1977) considered L. parvidens a subspecies of L. viridis.

Genus: Sympecma

S. paedisca (Brauer, 1882)
DUMONT (1977) referred to this taxon as Sympecma annulata. JÖDICKE (1997) showed that the valid name for it is Sympecma paedisca.

Genus: Platycnemis

P. dealbata Sélys in Sélys & Hagen, 1850
Listed by DEMIRSOY (1982) under the name P. latipes dealbata.

P. kervillei (Martin, 1909)
Listed by DEMIRSOY (1982) under the name P. pennipes kervillei.

Genus: Agriocnemis

Agriocnemis sania Nielsen, 1959
Outside Africa, this species is only present in the Levant, where its northern limit seems to be the southern fringe of the Lebanon. DUMONT (1977) noted: "Along the Syrian border, I should expect Pseudagrion syriacum (Sélys) to turn up [see under that species], while in the same area Agriocnemis sania Nielsen might occur". As the fauna of Syria and Turkey adjacent to the Levant has been more thoroughly explored since then (DUMONT et al., 1988; SCHNEIDER, 1981, and 1985a), it appears less likely that the species is present in Turkey.

Genus: Ischnura

I. evansi Morton, 1919
This species is known from Iraq, Iran and Syria, and might also occur in South East Turkey. The nearest known locality is Palmyra, Syria (SCHNEIDER, 1981), at about 250 km of the Turkish border.

I. fountaineae Morton, 1905
This species was named after Mrs Fountaine, and therefore the species name is feminine (JÖDICKE, 1995). DUMONT (1977) stated that it "has not strictly been reported from Turkish territory, but its occurrence in Azerbajdzan, on the Kura river and as far west as Mingecaur (AKRAMOWSKI, 1964) and near the Turkish border of Korikavana, N. Iraq (ASAHINA, 1973) make it almost certain that it lives in East Anatolia." SCHNEIDER & KRUPP (1996) noted a locality of this species at about 300 m from the Syrian border. The first find of the species within Turkey was by Kählert (in litt.) from the river Euphrates near Birecik (Gaziantep/Sanli Urfa province).

I. senegalensis (Rambur, 1842)
This species is distributed from Africa to Southeast Asia and is known from a few records from Iran and Iraq (Asahina, 1973; Schmidt 1954). It might therefore be present in Southeast Turkey aswell.

Genus: Enallagma

E. cyathigerum (Charpentier, 1840)
BARTENEV (1929) described subspecies E. c. rotundatum from lake Inkit (Georgia), and this subspecies was reported from lake Burdur, SW Turkey by ST. QUENTIN (1964). DUMONT (1977) checked a long series of E. cyathigerum from this locality but found the material unseparable from the nominate subspecies. It is unclear why DEMIRSOY (1982) only mentioned subspecies rotundatum for Turkey.

Genus: Pyrrhosoma

P. nymphula (Schmidt, 1948)
There are only a few records of this species from Turkey. HACET & AKTAÇ (1996) reported its occurrence on two localities in Thracia, and more recently, two specimens were collected near Bolu (RMNH), of which at least the male specimen pertains to the nominate subspecies.

Genus: Erythromma

E. najas (Hansemann, 1823)
This species has been found in Bulgaria (M. Marinov, pers. comm.) at 50 km distance from the Turkish border at Trigrad (15 km south of Devin). It is therefore likely that this species is present in Thracia.

E. viridulum (Charpentier, 1840)
The original description of subspecies orientale by SCHMIDT (1960) is quite short; it was redescribed by SCHNEIDER (1985c). It is mainly characterised by being smaller and having more pronounced antehumeral markings. BOUDOT & JACQUEMIN (1988) pointed out that these characters are also present in populations in France and Morocco. Therefore, the only character that remains to separate "subspecies orientale" (the number of divided cells in the hind wing apical of the pterostigma) is here considered too unreliable to justify a subspecific division.

Genus: Coenagrion

C. hastulatum (Charpentier, 1825)
SCHNEIDER (1845) listed a female from Gelemisch under this name, but the occurrence of C. hastulatum in this region seems quite unlikely. As no other records for Turkey are available the species is omitted from the present list.

C. lunulatum (Charpentier, 1840)
Listed by DUMONT (1977) under the name Coenagrion vernale. Recently, a third locality for this species was discovered near lake Van (ZMA).

C. persicum (Lohmann, 1993)
LOHMANN (1993a) described this species from specimens from Istgah-e-Ezna (100 km east of Khorramabad) in Iran, over 500 km from the Turkish border. As the western part of Iran has hardly been investigated odonatologically, it cannot be excluded that the species occurs in South East Turkey.

C. ponticum (Bartenev, 1929)
DUMONT (1977) considered this name a junior synonym of Coenagrion puella syriacum (Morton, 1924).

C. pulchellum saisanicum Belyshev, 1964
LOHMANN (1993a) considered the specimens from the melanic population of C. pulchellum near Sultansazlik, province of Kayseri (as described in DUMONT ET AL., 1988), and the syntypes of C. p. saisanicum from Saissan (Kazachstan) as identical. C. pulchellum pulchellum in Turkey is much darker than in western Europe, while also specimens from populations in parts of eastern Europe have a darker abdomen (JÖDICKE, 1999). Therefore, it cannot be excluded that the subspecies saisanicum is not a biological entity, but merely a colour variation.

C. vanbrinkae Lohmann, 1993
LOHMANN (1993a) described C. vanbrincki on the basis of specimens from Iran and Turkey. So far the species is only known from its original description, with four known localities in Turkey: provinces of Adana, Agri, Van (?) and Kahraman maras/Gaziantep (the last two localities are not exactly known). The species was named after Professor Dr. Janny M. van Brink., and the appropriate spelling of the name should be vanbrinkae as pointed out by VAN TOL (1994).

Genus: Cercion

C. lindenii zernyi Schmidt, 1939
DUMONT (1991) considered subspecies zernyi to be confined to the Jordan valley. DUMONT et al. (1995) stated that it extends more to the north than was expected, and that there is a large hybridisation zone with the nominate subspecies. As far as known, all population west of the Seyhan river pertain to the nominate subspecies, while east of this river hybrids between the two subspecies are found. It was noted that, at least in some populations, the spring animals were more similar to C. l. lindenii while the summer animals resembled C. l. zernyi. In Hazar (Elazig) and Cizre (Mardin) only zernyi phenotypes have been found (DUMONT et al., 1995). These population were, however, only visited during the summer.

Genus: Ceriagrion

C. georgfreyi Schmidt, 1953
This taxon is considered both by DUMONT (1977) and DEMIRSOY (1982) as a subspecies of C. tenellum, but SCHNEIDER (1986a) described structural differences in both male and female between georgfreyi and tenellum. It therefore appears more appropriate to separate georgfreyi at the specific level.

C. tenellum (De Villers, 1789)
DEMIRSOY (1982) listed both C. t. tennelum and C. t. georgfreyi for Turkey, but reported the latter only from the type locality in the Hatay province. The records of C. t. tenellum (from 'Anadolu') are based on SCHMIDT (1956) and ST. QUENTIN (1965). These specimens should be re-examined

Genus: Pseudagrion

P. syriacum (Sélys, 1887)
DUMONT (1977) already expected this species to occur in Turkey (along the Syrian border), and based on a great deal of material from Syria, SCHNEIDER (1987) included southeastern Turkey in its distributional range. The first record for Turkey was by SCHNEIDER (1995), a single specimen collected in the Hatay province.

Genus: Aeshna

A. cyanea (O.F. Müller, 1764)
This species was listed by DUMONT (1977) and DEMIRSOY (1982) as 'to be expected' in eastern Anatolia and the Pontic Alps. HACET & AKTAÇ (1996) were the first to report it from Turkey (a single locality in Thracia). The species was recently encountered at various localities in the provinces of Bolu, Ordu, and Artvin (RMNH), and found to be locally common.

A. juncea (Linneaus, 1758)
Both DUMONT (1977) and DEMIRSOY (1982) listed only two old records for this species: Erzurum, Erzurum province (SÉLYS, 1887) and Balik Göl, Agri province (KOLENATI, 1846). The presence of this species in NE Turkey was recently confirmed (RMNH), sometimes co-occuring with the preceding species.

A. isosceles antehumeralis (Schmidt, 1954)
Listed by DEMIRSOY (1982) as A. isosceles humeralis. The taxonomic status of this subspecies remains unclear.

Genus Brachytron

B. pratense (O.F. Müller 1764)
Both DUMONT (1977) and DEMIRSOY (1982) listed only older records for this species. New localities have been found in Thracia (HACET & AKTAÇ, 1996), Balikesir (RMNH), and Mugla (near lake Köycegiz, RMNH).

Genus: Gomphus

G. davidi Sélys, 1887
Listed by DEMIRSOY (1982) as G. simillimus.

G. flavipes flavipes (Charpentier, 1825)
The nominate subspecies is likely to occur in Turkey, as it is present at Bulgarian side of the border around the rivers Maritza (Avros), Tundja and Struma (M. Marinov, pers. comm.).

G. kinzelbachi Schneider, 1984
This species was described from a single male collected at Khanagin, Alwand River, Iraq, less than 400 km from the Turkish border. The only other published record is from a male captured about 50 km SE of Khoramabad, Iran (LOHMANN, 1992). The figure of the accessory genitalia of a male G. davidi (Asahina, 1973) from Dohok (North Iraq, less than 50 km from the Turkish border) is reminiscent to those of G. kinzelbachi, which led SCHNEIDER (1984b) to conclude that this specimen in fact pertains to G. kinzelbachi. If this is true, it is likely to occur in the mountainous area of SE Turkey as well.

Genus: Onychogomphus

O. forcipatus forcipatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
This subspecies might very well occur in NW Turkey, as it is present at Bulgarian side of the border around the rivers Maritza (Avros), Tundja and Struma (M. Marinov, pers. comm.).

Genus: Paragomphus

P. genei (Sélys, 1841)
An exuviae of this species is reported upon by SCHMIDT (1954) from Antakya. According to SCHNEIDER (1985a), however, it might pertain to Paragomphus lineatus, and the specimen should therefore be re-examined. The species is also listed by ARDIÇ & UYGUN (1996) from the province of Adana, but the authors failed to describe the material, that should therefore be re-examined.

Genus: Ophiogomphus

O. cecilia (Fourcroy, 1785)
Both DUMONT (1977) and DEMIRSOY (1982) listed this species under the name of O. serpentinus, citing the record from Malatya by SÉLYS (1887). This single, old record is in need of confirmation. In eastern part of Greece the species is locally abundant (SCHNAPAUFF et al., 1996), and its occurrence in Turkey cannot be excluded.

Genus: Lindenia

L. tetraphylla (Vander Linden, 1825)
KAZANCI et al. (1992) published the first record of this species for Turkey (unfortunately, in the Turkish language). Unaware of this, BUSSE (1993) also published the species as new for the Turkish fauna. Both records are from Köycegiz lake, SW Turkey, and recent observations show that the lake is inhabited by a flourishing population (OLSVIK, 1997; RMNH). The only record far outside the Köycegiz area is from Gölbasi (Adiyaman) (SCHORR et al., 1998).

Genus: Anormogomphus

A. kiritshenkoi Bartenef, 1913
This species was first recorded for Turkey from a single male collected north of Ceylanpinar in the province of Urfa (BÖRZSÖNY, 1996), so far no other records are available.

Genus: Cordulegaster

In Europe and western Asia, the genus Cordulegaster can be divided into two species-groups, both consisting of species with an essentially vicarious distributional pattern. In Turkey, the C. boltonii species-group is represented by C. picta only. The second species in Turkey, C. insignis, has various subspecies, some with a doubtful taxonomical status. This species has a distributional range vicarious to C. helladica in Greece and C. bidentata in the Balkans. Therefore, these species all pertain to a single supraspecific taxon, the C. bidentata species-group, and it is considered unuseful to follow Lohmann (1992) in recognizing the newly erected genus Sonjagaster for C. insignis sensu lato.

C. picta (Selys, 1854)
Both DUMONT (1977) and DEMIRSOY (1982) listed this species under Cordulegaster pictus. In the latter, part of the material listed under C. boltoni charpentieri pertains to this species.

C. insignis amasina Morton, 1915
This taxon was described on the basis of material from Amasya. According to DUMONT (1977), it should be considered identical with the nominate subspecies, but contrary to this, LOHMANN (1993b) gave it full specific status. At present, the characteristics useful for the identification of the various subspecies of C. insignis in Turkey have yet to be established. The series from Amasya described by SÉLYS (1887) varies in many characters, and recent material from the type locality is not available. In NW Turkey a particular subspecies of C. insignis occurs, but whether this should be regarded as pertaining to 'subspecies amasina' remains unclear.

C. insignis charpentieri (Kolenati, 1846)
This subspecies probably does not occur west of Ankara, where it is replaced by the nominate subspecies.

C. insignis mzymtae Bartenef, 1929
Up to now, this taxon has been regarded as a separate species by most authors, close to C. bidentata. Yet, specimens with abdominal markings intermediate between C. insignis charpentieri and mzymtae, found in the northern part of the Erzurum province and in Artvin (ZMA, RMNH, coll. J.-P. Boudot), suggest that the two taxa interbreed. A series from Savsat consists of 'true' mzymtae and forms reminiscent to ssp. charpentieri. Therefore, mzymtae is regarded a subspecies of C. insignis here.

C. bidentata Sélys, 1843
This species is replaced by C. insignis in eastern Greece and eastern Bulgaria, and does not occur in Turkey.

Genus Cordulia

C. aenea (Linnaeus, 1758)
The species was first mentioned for Turkey by SCHNEIDER (1986b) on the basis of material present in British Museum of Natural History (three males from Karagöl, NE of Ankara). The second record for the species is from Bolu (RMNH).

Genus Somatochlora

S. meridionalis Nielsen, 1935
Both DUMONT (1977) and DEMIRSOY (1982) listed this species as subspecies of S. metallica. Material of S. metallica found in Thracia (HACET & AKTAÇ, 1996), most probably pertains to this species.

Genus: Libellula

L. fulva O.F. Müller, 1764
DUMONT (1977) listed the records of both L pontica and L. fulva under the name L. pontica, stating that 'the question whether in geographic Turkey both L. fulva and L. pontica occur remains open'. The species is known with certainty from lake Köycegiz (RMNH).

L. pontica Sélys, 1887
LOPAU & WENDLER (1995) reported upon the presence of this taxon in SE Turkey, and remarked that the abdomen is brick-red without any pruinosity in mature specimens. It has also been reported from the province of Adana (DUMONT, 1991; M. Wasscher, photographs), and recently, L. pontica has been found NW of Ankara (RMNH), a remarkable extension of its known range.

Genus: Orthetrum

O. coerulescens anceps (Schneider, 1845)
DUMONT (1977) refers to this taxon as O. ramburi. SCHNEIDER (1985d) re-examined the type specimens and pointed out that ramburii is a junior synonym of O. coerulescens anceps.

O. ransonnetti (Brauer, 1865)
The record of this species from eastern Anatolia (DUMONT, 1977) has to be reconfirmed. The distribution of the species in the countries adjacent to Turkey is not clear. According to DUMONT (1991), it is present in Asia 'from Sinai, probably through Saudi Arabia and eastern Jordan, to eastern Anatolia, Iran and Afghanistan'. The species has not been reported from Syria or Iraq, while in Iran it is uncommon; its occurrence in Turkey is therefore far from certain.

O. sabina (Drury, 1770)
Listed by DEMIRSOY (1982) as O. sabina ampullacea (Schneider, 1845).

Genus: Crocothemis

C. servilia (Drury, 1770)
DUMONT (1977) considered this species to be conspecific with Crocothemis erythraea, but first LOHMANN (1981), and later SCHNEIDER (1985b) described structural differences between both taxa. New data show an overlap in distributional range, and records of syntopical breeding (DIJKSTRA & KALKMAN, in press) prove that both taxa should be considered as separate species. Due to the confusion in the past the actual distribution is still not very clear. C. erythraea is probably common in most of Turkey (except perhaps in mountainous areas). Most of the records that, without doubt, can be ascribed to C. servilia, are from the southern parts of Turkey adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea, but whether the species is restricted to that part of Turkey remains unclear.

Genus: Sympetrum

S. arenicolor Jödicke 1994
JÖDICKE et al (2000) clarified the taxonomic relationships between this taxon, S. sinaiticum Dumont, 1977, S. deserti Jödicke, 1994, and S. tarraconense Jödicke, 1994. In Turkey, of these only S. arenicolor (syn. S. deserti) occurs, a species known from Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kirghistan, and Tadjikistan, and ranging through Iran southwest into northeastern Syria. From Turkey it is known from an old record from Malatya only.

S. danae (Sulzer, 1776)
This species is present in the southwestern part of the Caucasus (KETENCHIEV & HARITONOV, 1998) and might also occur in North East Turkey.

S. depressiusculum (Sélys 1841)
DUMONT (1977) listed the first record for this species in Turkey. Recently, the species was encountered in the provinces of Bolu and Kastamonu (RMNH).

S. flaveolum austrinum Akramowski, 1948
This subspecies is characterised by the reduced basal amber on the wings. DUMONT (1977) listed this subspecies for Turkey on the basis of a specimen from the province of Konya, citing a note of MORTON (1914) on material from the province of Van: "the yellow basal markings of the wings seem to be more restricted than usual." As the amount of amber on the wing of is highly variable, with at least some regional variation, it is questionable whether this variation should be given any taxonomic rank.

S. haritonovi Borisov, 1983
This species was first listed for Turkey by DUMONT et al. (1995). One female in the Sélys collection was collected near Tortum (Erzurum prov.), and was labelled by RIS (1911) as one of the four type specimens of Sympetrum vulgatum decoloratum (see under that species). DUMONT et al. (1995) redescribed Sympetrum haritonovi and apparently both the specimen from Tortum (see also JÖDICKE, 1994) and material from the Taurus mountains as described by SEIDENBUSCH (1994, and 1995) are conspecific with Sympetrum haritonovi.
S. haritonovi is now known from (in the east) Tadjikistan, Kirghizistan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan, and from Turkey in the west. The gap between these populations is more than 2000 kilometres. It is however likely that this gap represents a lack of data from the area involved, and the occurrence of this species in Iran is highly likely, while also in Turkey it could well be far more widespread. The species inhabits mountainous areas (1750-3500 m) and has been found at marshes fed by spring water, a habitat at high altitude not frequently explored by odonatologists. Up to now it is known from only two localities in Turkey; a third record is also from the Erzurum province, SE of Oltu (RMNH).

S. sanguineum armeniacum (Sélys 1884)
This subspecies has been found near Askale, west of Erzurum (RMNH). The distributional area of this subspecies, and its relation to the nominate subspecies, remains unsettled.

S. sanguineum cf. obsoletum Bartenev, 1925
In SW Turkey (surroundings of lake Köycegiz) specimens with extensive yellow in the wings have been found (RMNH). These specimens agree well with the description of Sympetrum sanguineum obsoletum Bartenev, 1925, and are therefore (tentatively) identified as such. However, ssp. obsoletum is distributed predominantly in the regions East and North of the Caspian Sea, so if the RMNH material really pertains to this subspecies, this would mean a remarkable extension of its distributional range. No other material from Turkey of this subspecies is available.

S. striolatum palidum Sélys, 1887
Although recorded from Van Gölü by SCHMIDT (1961), both DUMONT (1977) and DEMIRSOY (1982) failed to mention this subspecies. At present, no new material is available.

S. vulgatum decoloratum (Sélys, 1884)
Present in DUMONT (1977) and DEMIRSOY (1982) under the name S. vulgatum flavum Bartenev, 1915. Re-examination of the four type specimens of S. decoloratum showed that two of these were conspecific with S. vulgatum while the other two pertained to S. haritonovi Borisov, 1983 (JÖDICKE, 1994; DUMONT et al., 1995). Of these four specimens, one female vulgatum was denoted as lectotype of S. decoloratum (JÖDICKE, 1994). As a consequence S. vulgatum flavum became a junior synonym of S. vulgatum decoloratum.

S. vulgatum vulgatum (Linneaus, 1758)
This subspecies is present in the southwestern part of the Caucasus (KETENCHIEV & HARITONOV, 1998) and might occur in North East Turkey.

Genus: Trithemis

T. arteriosa (Burmeister, 1839)
Predicting his own first record for Turkey, the species was mentioned by DUMONT (1977) as likely to occur in Turkey. After the first record of the species (DUMONT et al., 1988), it was recorded at a few other localities as far west as Gozcu (ARLT, 1999). So far all records are from the southern part of Turkey adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea (DUMONT et al., 1988; ARLT, 1999).

Genus: Leucorrhinia

L. caudalis (Charpentier, 1840)
This species is present in the southwestern part of the Caucasus (KETENCHIEV & HARITONOV, 1998) and might be present in North East Turkey.

Genus: Zygonyx

Z. torridus (Kirby, 1889)
The northern distribution of Zygonyx torridus appears to be limited to the southern fringes of the Lebanon. As the Lebanon and the adjacent part of Turkey are fairly well explored, the presence of Z. torridus in Turkey seems not very likely.